Resources

Literature

Alas, R. and Kaarelson, T. (2007) „Erasektori juhtide teadlikkus, praktika ja suhtumine võrdõiguslikkuse normidesse ning nende edendamisse. Analüüs.“ Estonian Business School, Tallinn.

Albi, K., Laidvee, J., Papp, Ü.-M. and Sepper, M.-L. (2010) „Soolise võrdõiguslikkuse seadus. Kommenteeritud väljaanne“. Juura, Tallinn.

Ast, F., Bazalová, V., Doblhoff-Dier, R., El Morabet, I., Rosu, M., Reynolds, L. and Thomsen, T. (2017) “Faith in Equality: Religion and Belief in Europe. An Equinet Report”. https://equineteurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/wg_religion_report_final_web.pdf

Bazalová, V., Reynolds, L., Lazarova, K., El Morabet, I., Fritz, G., Ilves, A. and Bartzeliotis, K. (2018) “Fighting Discrimination on the Ground of Age. Discussion Paper”. Equinet Working Group on Equality Law in Practice. https://equineteurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Age-Discrimination_updated-electronic-1.pdf

Bell, M. (2002) “Anti-Discrimination Law and the European Union”. Oxford University Press. New York.

Birtha, M. (2020) “How to put reasonable accommodation into practice?” European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=738&langId=et&pubId=8341&furtherPubs=yes

Burri, S. and Schiek, D. (2009) “Multiple Discrimination in EU Law – Opportunities for legal responses to intersectional gender discrimination?” The European Network of Legal Experts in the Field of Gender Equality.

Dijk, T. A. (2005a) „Ideoloogia“. Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Dijk, T. A. (2005b) „Ideoloogia on kõikjal. Merit Karise intervjuu kriitilise diskursusanalüüsi rajaja Teun Adrianus van Dijkiga“. Sirp, 09.12.2005.

Donlevy, V., Silvera, R. „Kasu ja tasakaal. Soolise võrdõiguslikkuse edendamise retseptiraamat Eesti ettevõtete juhtidele“, Sotsiaalministeerium, 2010.

Eesti Reformierakonna fraktsioon, Isamaa ja Res Publica Liidu fraktsioon ning Sotsiaaldemokraatliku erakonna fraktsioon (2008) Võrdse kohtlemise seaduse eelnõu. Available at: http://www.riigikogu.ee/?page=eelnou&op=ems2&emshelp=true&eid=441412&u=20120618193450.

Elizondo-Urrestarazu, J., Bazalová, V., Reynolds, L., El Morabet, I. ja Bartzeliotis, K. (2021) “Reasonable accommodation for persons with disabilities: Exploring challenges concerning its practical implementation. Discussion Paper”. Equinet Working Group on Equality Law in Practice. https://equineteurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Reasonable-Accommodation-Disability-Discussion-Paper.pdf

Equinet (2020). “Compendium. Article 14 Cases From The European Court Of Human Rights. 1st March 2017 to 2óth Feb 2019 (2 Years / 37 cases)”. Equality Law Working Group. August 2020. https://equineteurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Compendium_Art.14-Cases-from-the-European-Court-of-Human-Rights.pdf

European Commission (2006a) “Eurobarometer. Mental well-being”. May 2006. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_information/documents/ebs_248_en.pdf.

European Commission (2006b) „Võrdsus ja mittediskrimineerimine. Aastaaruanne 2006“. Available at: ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=1984&langId=et.

European Commission (2007) “Tackling Multiple Discrimination – Practices, policies and laws”.

European Commission (2018a) “Key developments at national level in legislation, case law and policy”. European Commission in European equality law review. European network of legal experts in gender equality and non-discrimination. Number 2018/1. https://www.equalitylaw.eu/component/edocman/?task=document.viewdoc&id=4639&Itemid=

European Commission (2018b) “Key developments at national level in legislation, case law and policy”. European equality law review. European network of legal experts in gender equality and non-discrimination. Number 2018/2. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/law_review_2018_2.pdf

European Union Agency for Fundamental Right and Council of Europe (2022). “Handbook on European non-discrimination law”. 2018 edition. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2018-handbook-non-discrimination-law-2018_en.pdf

Farkas, L. (2011) “How to Present a Discrimination Claim. Handbook on seeking remedies under the EU Non-discrimination Directives” European Commission. July 2011. Available at: http://www.non-discrimination.net/content/media/How%20to%20Present%20a%20Discrimination%20Claim%20EN.pdf.

Fredman, S. (2005) “Changing the Norm: Positive Duties in Equal Treatment Legislation”. Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No. 3/2006. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, Vol. 12, pages. 369–398. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=893943.

Hardwick, J., Mastroianni, P., Søbstad, M., Polák, P., Bos, B., Čavlović, M., Wieslander Blücher, C., Bova, M., Kitson, M. and Fitzpatrick, A. (2014) “Positive Action Measures. The Experience Of Equality Bodies. An Equinet Report”. https://equineteurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/positive_action_measures_final_with_cover.pdf

Lawson, A. and Waddington, L. (2009) “Disability and non-discrimination law in the European Union. An analysis of disability discrimination law within and beyond the employment field”. European Network of Legal Experts in the non-discrimination field. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=4393&langId=en.

Leppik, K. (2009) „Politseikool võrdsustas naised meestega“. Postimees, 28.07.2009.

Liu, K. and  O’Cinneide, C. (2019) “European network of legal experts in gender equality and non-discrimination. The ongoing evolution of the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union on Directives 2000/43/EC and 2000/78/EC. A legal analysis of the situation in EU Member States”. Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers. November 2019. https://www.equalitylaw.eu/downloads/5009-the-ongoing-evolution-of-the-case-law-of-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-on-directives-2000-43-ec-and-2000-78-ec-pdf-766-kb

Makkonen, T. (2002) “Multiple, Compound and Intersectional Discrimination. Bringing the Experiences of the Most Marginalized to the Fore”. Institute for Human Rights, Åbo Akademi University.

Makkonen, T. (2007) “Judges Online: E-learning course for capacity building of judges. Educational material on anti-discrimination regulation”. International Organization for Migration (IOM). Available at: http://iom.fi/images/stories/publications/books/jo_training_material_est_web.pdf.

Makkonen, T. (2010) “Equal in Law, Unequal in Fact. Racial and ethnic discrimination and the legal response thereto in Europe”. Doctoral thesis. Helsinki University.

Malisianou, C., Bogárdi, D., Lazarova, K., Röbstorf, S., Reynolds, L. and Bazalová, V. (2016) “Fighting Discrimination on the Ground of Race and Ethnic Origin. Discussion Paper”. Equinet Working Group on Equality Law in Practice. https://equineteurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/equinet_discussion_paper_final_-_web-2-1.pdf

Maruste, R. (2004) „Konstitutsionalism ning põhiõiguste ja -vabaduste kaitse“. Juura, Tallinn.

Mustola, K. ja Vanhala, A. (2004) „Seksuaalivähemmistöjä koskevan kyselyn tuloksia“ [Results of a survey on sexual minorities]. Lehtonen, J. and Mustola, K. (edit.) „Eihän heterotkaan kerro…“ Seksuaalisuuden ja sukupuolen rajankäyntiä työelämässä. ESR Tutkimukset ja selvitykset 2/04 [Heteros don’t say… Marking the boundaries of sexuality and gender identity in the workplace. ESF research reports 2/04]. Ministry of Labour. Helsinki.

Paris, K. Rait Maruste: ainult seadused diskrimineerimist ära ei hoia. Interview. Available at: http://www2.tai.ee/TSO/TSO/www.sm.ee/est/HtmlPages/IntervjuuRaitMarustega/$file/Intervjuu%20Rait%20Marustega.pdf.

Pitt, G. (2009) “Genuine Occupational Requirements”. Academy of European Law, Trier, 27–28. aprill 2009. Available at: http://www.era-comm.eu/oldoku/Adiskri/05_Occupational_requirements/2009_Pitt_EN.pdf.

Raudsepp, A., Kotter, L. (edit.) „Homoseksuaalsus. Juhend õpetajatele ja noortenõustajatele“. UN Population Fund. Available at: http://raulpage.org/koolitus/homoseksuaalsus.html.

Rorive, I. (2009) “Proving Discrimination Cases – the Role of Situation Testing”. Migration Policy Group and the Swedish Centre For Equal Rights. Available at: http://www.migpolgroup.com/publications_detail.php?id=230.

Schindlauer, D. (2018) “Using the concept of harassment in national anti-discrimination legislation as a tool in combating hate speech?” European Commission in European equality law review. European network of legal experts in gender equality and non-discrimination. Number 2018/2. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/law_review_2018_2.pdf

Sepper, M-L (edit.) (2010) „Naised ja mehed. Võrdsed õigused, võrdne vastutus. Ülevaade soolise võrdõiguslikkuse seadusest“. Ministry of Social Affairs.

Thompson, N. (2003) “Promoting equality. Challenging discrimination and oppression” 2. edition. Palgrave Macmillan.

Valk, A. (2003) „Identiteet“. Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, Tartu.

Waddington, L. and Broderick, A. (2018) “European network of legal experts in gender equality and non-discrimination. Combatting disability discrimination and realising equality. A comparison of the UN CRPD and EU equality and non-discrimination law”. Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers, October 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/combatting_disabiliy_discrimination.pdf

Whittle, R. (2002) The Framework Directive for Equal treatment in employment and occupation: an analysis from a disability rights perspective. 27 E.L.Rev, June 2002: 323.

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1994). General comment 5. Persons with disabilities.

Xenidis, R. and Masse-Dessen, H. (2018) “Positive action in practice: some dos and don’ts in the field of EU gender equality law”. European Commission in European equality law review. European network of legal experts in gender equality and non-discrimination. Number 2018/2. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/law_review_2018_2.pdf

Legislation

Estonia

Ametiühingute seadus [Trade Unions Act]. State Gazette I, 12.11.2021, 13.

Avaliku teenistuse seadus [Civil Service Act]. State Gazette I, 22.12.2021, 37.

Eesti Vabariigi põhiseadus [Constitution of the Republic of Estonia]. State Gazette I, 15.05.2015, 2.

Eestisse lähetatud töötajate töötingimuste seadus [Working Conditions of Employees Posted to Estonia Act]. State Gazette I, 22.03.2022, 13.

Halduskohtumenetluse seadustik (HKMS) [Code of Administrative Court Procedure]. State Gazette I, 08.12.2021, 20.

Haldusmenetluse seadus [Administrative Procedure Act]. State Gazette I, 13.03.2019, 55.

Inimgeeniuuringute seadus [Human Genes Research Act]. State Gazette I, 13.03.2019, 64.

Karistusseadustik [Penal Code]. State Gazette I, 28.04.2022, 27.

Puuetega inimeste sotsiaaltoetuste seadus [Social Benefits for Disabled Persons Act]. State Gazette I, 28.04.2022, 6.

Riikliku pensionikindlustuse seadus [State Pension Insurance Act]. State Gazette I, 18.02.2022, 7.

Soolise võrdõiguslikkuse ning võrdse kohtlemise voliniku ja kantselei põhimäärus [Statute of the Gender Equality and Equal Treatment Commissioner and Office]. State Gazette I 2010, 33, 170.

Soolise võrdõiguslikkuse seadus [Gender Equality Act]. State Gazette I, 22.12.2021, 38.

Sotsiaalhoolekande seadus [Social Welfare Act]. State Gazette I, 28.04.2022, 9.

Tervishoiuteenuste loetelu kehtestamine, sotsiaalministri 10. jaanuari 2002. a määrus nr 13 [Establishment of the list of health services]. Supplement to State Gazette 2002, 14, 180.

Töölepingu seadus (TLS) [Employment Contracts Act]. State Gazette I, 31.03.2022, 10.

Töötajate usaldusisiku seadus [Employees’ Trustee Act]. State Gazette I, 12.11.2021, 18.

Võrdse kohtlemise seadus (VõrdKS) [Equal Treatment Act]. State Gazette I, 22.10.2021, 11.

Õiguskantsleri seadus (ÕKS) [Chancellor of Justice Act]. State Gazette I, 26.05.2020, 11.

Europe

Council Directive 97/80/EC of 15 December 1997 on the burden of proof in cases of discrimination on grounds of sex (OJ L 14, 20.1.1998, pp. 6–8)

Recommendation No R (2000) 4 to member states on the education of Roma/Gypsy children in Europe. 3.02.2000.

Council Directive 2000/43/EC of the European Community (29 June 2000) implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (OJ L 180, 19.7.2000, p. 22).

Council Directive 2000/78/EC of the European Community (27 November 2000) establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation (OJ L 303, 2.12.2000, p. 16)

Council Directive 2004/113/EC of the European Community (13 December 2004) on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment between men and woman as regards access to and supply of goods and services (OJ L 373, 21.12.2004, p. 37).

Directive 2008/104/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on temporary agency work (OJ L 327, 5.12.2008, p. 9).

Legal practice

Estonia

Riigikohtu halduskolleegium (RKHKo) [Administrative Law Chamber], 3-3-1-42-08 (20.10.2008).

Riigikohtu põhiseaduslikkuse järelevalve kolleegium (RKPJKo) [Constitutional Review Chamber], 3-4-1-12-10 (07.06.2011).

Riigikohtu põhiseaduslikkuse järelevalve kolleegium (RKPJKo) [Constitutional Review Chamber], 5-19-42 (18.12.2022).

Riigikohtu üldkogu (RKÜKo) [Supreme Court en banc], 3-3-1-47-03 (10.12.2003).

Riigikohtu üldkogu (RKÜKo) [Supreme Court en banc], 5-19-29/38 (15.03.2022)

Tartu Halduskohus [Tartu Administrative Court], 3-14-164/38 (10.10.2014)

Other countries

Riga Regional Court, case no 04386004, C 20203. Cited in the publication: Commission staff working document accompanying the Proposal for a Council Directive on implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation. Impact Assessment. SEC(2008) 2180 (2.07.2008).

Swedish Supreme Court case T 2100-05 HomO v. Restaurang Fridhem Handelsbolag (28 March 2006). Cited in the publication: Numhauser-Henning, A. (2007) Country report on measures to combat discrimination (Directives 2000/43/EC and 2000/78/EC). Sweden, as of 8  January 2007. Available at: http://www.migpolgroup.com/public/docs/125.Sweden_DiscriminationCountryReport_EN_01.07.pdf.

Poland, Warsaw Regional Court, V Ca 3611/14, 18 November 2015. Cited in the publication: European Union Agency for Fundamental Right and Council of Europe (2022). “Handbook on European non-discrimination law”. 2018 edition. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2018-handbook-non-discrimination-law-2018_en.pdf

Europe and world

Belcacemi and Oussar v Belgium (Application no. 37798/13), Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights, (11.07.2017).

Blom, Lindgren et al v Sweden (Communication no. 191/1985), Opinion of the UN Human Rights Committee (4.04.1988).

C-13/05 Sonia Chacón Navas v Eurest Colectividades SA. Judgment of the Court of Justice of European Union (16.03.2006).

C-54/07 Centrum voor gelijkheid van kansen en voor racismebestrijding v Firma Feryn NV (10.07.2008).

C-81/12, Asociaţia Accept v Consiliul Naţional pentru Combaterea Discriminării (25.04.2013)

C-83/14, CHEZ Razpredelenie Bulgaria AD v Komisia za zashtita ot diskriminatsia (16.07.2015)

C-130/75, Vivien Prais v Council (27.10.1976)

C-157/15, Samira Achbita & Centrum v G4S (14.03.2017)

C-188/15 Asma Bougnaoui and Association de défense des droits de l’homme (ADDH) v Micropole SA (14.03.2017)

C-190/16, Werner Fries v Lufthansa CityLine GmbH (5.07.2017)

C-193/17, Cresco Investigation GmbH v Markus Achatzi (22.01.2019)

C-258/15, Gorka Salaberria Sorondo v Academia Vasca de Policía y Emergencias (15.11.2016)

C-267/12 Frédéric Hay v Crédit agricole mutuel de Charente-Maritime et des Deux-Sèvres (12.12.2013)

C-270/16, Carlos Enrique Ruiz Conejero v Ferroser Servicios Auxiliares SA and Ministerio Fiscal (18.01.2018)

C-286/12 European Commission v Hungary (6.11.2012)

C-303/06 S. Coleman v Attridge Law and Steve Law. Judgment of the Court of Justice of European Union (17.07.2008).

C‑335/11, HK Danmark, acting on behalf of Jette Ring versus Dansk almennyttigt Boligselskab ja C‑337/11, HK Danmark, acting on behalf of Lone Skouboe Werge’t versus Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening, acting on behalf of Pro Display A/S (joint) (11.04.2013)

C-356/12, Wolfgang Glatziel v Freistaat Bayern (22.05.2014)

C-354/13, Fag og Arbejde (FOA) v Kommunernes Landsforening (18.12.2014)

C-363/12, Z v A Government department and The Board of management of a community school (18.03.2014)

C-395/15, Mohamed Daouidi v Bootes Plus SL and others (1.12.2016)

C-407/98, Katarina Abrahamsson and Leif Anderson v Elisabet Fogelqvist (6.07.2000)

C-415/10, Galina Meister v SPeech Design Carrier Systems GmbH (19.04.2012)

C-416/13 Mario Vital Pérez v Ayuntamiento Oviedo (13.11.2014)

C-447/09 Reinhard Prigge and Others v Deutsche Lufthansa AG (13.09.2011)

C‑501/12 until C‑506/12, C‑540/12 and C‑541/12 (joint), Thomas Specht and Others v Land Berlin and Bundesrepublik Deutschland (19.06.2014)

C-528/13, Geoffrey Léger v Ministre des Affaires sociales, de la Santé et des Droits des femmes and Etablissement français du sang (29.04.2015)

C-668/15, Jyske Finans A/S v Ligebehandlingsnævnet (6.04.2017)

Çam v Turkey (complaint no. 51500/08), Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (23.02.2016).

Carvalho Pinto de Sousa Morais v Portugal, (complaint no. 17484/15), Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (25.07.2017).

Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro v Italy, complaint no 91/2013, European Committee of Social Rights

D.H. and others v Chech Republic (complaint no. 57325/00), Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (13.11.2007).

Danning v Netherlands (Communication no. 180/1984), opinion of the UN Human Rights Committee (9.04.1984).

Ebrahimian v France (complaint no. 64846/11), Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (26.11.2015)

Engel and others v Holland (complaints no. 5100/71; 5101/71; 5102/71; 5354/72; 5370/72), Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (8.06.1976).

Enver Şahin v Turkey (complaint no. 23065/12), Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (30.01.2018).

Eweida and Others v the United Kingdom (complaints no. 48420/10, 36516/10, 51671/10 and 59842/10), Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (15.01.2013).

Fellesforbundet for Sjøfolk (FFFS) v Norway, 2 July 2013, European Committee of Social Rights

Horváth and Kiss v Hungary (complaint no. 11146/11), Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (29.01.2013)

Interights v Croatia, 30. märts 2009, European Committee of Social Rights

Karnel Singh Bhinder v Canada (Communication no. 208/1986), Opinion of the UN Human Rights Committe (28.11.1989).

Phull v France (complaint no. 35753/03), Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (11.01.2005)

S.A.S. v France (complaint no. 43835/11), Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (1.07.2012)